Lambda the Ultimate

In the past year I have been passionately fighting what Simon Peyton Jones calls "the effects monster", although often it feels like I am fighting windmils instead. No useful programs can be written without effects, but effects turn bad when they are observable from within the program itself. Instead we should strive for encapsulating effects such that they become harmless first class pure values, but more on that in the future. In this first installment in a longer series on the perils of side-effects, we will look at one of the most beautiful examples of observable effects, namely closures and variable capture in imperative languages.