Lambda the Ultimate

XKCD comic on functional programming. Overlay money quote:

Functional programming combines the flexibility and power of abstract mathematics with the intuitive clarity of abstract mathematics.

I was looking for work on GADTs in the presence of subtyping and found this 2013 paper GADTs meet subtyping of Gabriel Scherer and Didier Rémy.

Abstract. While generalized algebraic datatypes (GADTs) are now considered well-understood, adding them to a language with a notion of subtyping comes with a few surprises. What does it mean for a GADT parameter to be covariant? The answer turns out to be quite subtle. It involves fine-grained properties of the subtyping relation that raise interesting design questions. We allow variance annotations in GADT definitions, study their soundness, and present a sound and complete algorithm to check them. Our work may be applied to real-world ML-like languages with explicit subtyping such as OCaml, or to languages with general subtyping constraints.

The running example of the paper is (can you guess?) an expression type. One thing that I was looking for specifically that I didn't find addressed in the paper is how to interpret e.g. even exp, where even is a subtype of int (in a more dependently typed language). Any thoughts on this or another other aspect of the paper?