Lambda the Ultimate

Evolutionary Programming and Gradual Typing in ECMAScript 4, by Lars T Hansen, Adobe Systems, is an 18 page tutorial detailing features of ECMAScript 4, and how they can be applied to existing ECMAScript code to improve it.

This tutorial uses a simple library as a running example to illustrate the evolution of a program from the ES3 "script" stage, via various levels of typing and rigor, to an ES4 package with greater guarantees of integrity and better performance potential than the original code. We then look at how union types, generic functions, and reflection can be used to work with a library whose code we can't modify.