Lambda the Ultimate

I've been designing a language for my kids to use (goal: low barrier to entry, gentle learning curve up to serious power); one of the design choices has been to make closures easy to write. {x: x+5} is equivalent to Scheme's (lambda (x) (+ x 5)); {x*y} is a closure with no arguments. A Graham accumulator would be Acc={var x=0; {x++}} (declare a variable and return a closure over it).

After reading Paul Graham's ILC 2003 talk, I started wondering how much I would need in the language to permit objects to be done as a library. Objects are equivalent to closures, but I wanted to leave room for a convenient syntax. (If nothing else, a lot of the system facilities I'll want to bind to, such as GUI toolkits, are OO, so being able to speak OO lowers the impedance mismatch.)

So, the first thing I thought of was to break encapsulation (again, this was triggered by Graham's talk), to expose the bindings contained in a closure. So, if we do C=Acc(), creating an accumulator as above, then C.x is the current value of x in the closure. Obviously, since bindings in C can also be functions, this also gives us method calls with the usual sort of syntax.

OK, so that can be used to make objects convenient. Then I started wondering about inheritance. After some false starts, I hit upon the idea of letting the right-hand argument of "." be a general expression. So, for example, C.(x+y) would be equivalent to (C.x)+(C.y). Then I could provide a closure constructor as the right-hand argument:

C2=C.{var double={x*=2}}

creates C2 as a closure created within the context of C, with access to C's bindings. This will let me (eventually) do an object library where:

class Point(x,y) {
  to moveBy(dx,dy) {
    x+=dx; y+=dy;
  }
  to abs() {
    sqrt(x*x+y*y);
  }
}

maps to:

Point=
{x,y: {
       var moveBy={dx,dy: x+=dx; y+=dy;};      
       var abs={sqrt(x*x+y*y);};
       }
 }

and:

class PointWithFlip(x,y): Point(x,y) {
  to flip() {
    var tmp=x; x=y; y=tmp;
  }
}

maps to:

PointWithFlip=
{x,y: Point(x,y).{
  var flip={var tmp=x; x=y; y=tmp;}
  }
 }

That is, to create a PointWithFlip, create a Point, and then create a new closure, containing the flip function; that new closure is the PointWithFlip.

I'm pretty happy with this idea; it should let me teach my kids closures, rather than objects as such, but without blocking them from doing OO should it be useful. And, of course, I suspect that being able to get an arbitrary expression evaluated within a closure will turn out to be pretty powerful--with that, you could do things on the fly for which OO requires a subclass. And it doesn't distort the core language much, because you have to be able to construct closures inside closures anyway.

Is this something that's been studied before? If it has, of course, I'd like to read about it before trying to implement it.

The site java.net has an article on extending Java with Tasks, code blocks executing in a separate thread. This particular extension may not be very exciting, but perhaps it will introduce the idea of DSLs to a new group of programmers.

The article uses a parser generator called VisualLangLab that seems to be "Yacc with a GUI". Since the goal of the article is to extend the Java language, they need a Java grammar to start with. VisualLangLab comes with a Java 1.4 grammar, so that is what is used.

This means that the Task extension cannot be used with a 1.5 compiler; even though the extension only touches parts of the Java grammar that have not changed between 1.4 and 1.5 (I guess). Could this problem be circumvented if the standard libraries provided a representation of the grammar used in the current platform?

Most languages use special characters or special sequence of characters to denote the use of special directives. For instance, in C format strings:

"\n" denotes new line, and if you wanted to have backquote n, you'd have to write "\\n".

In VB, since " is used to delimit strings, you'd use "" to mean double quotes. eg. "He said ""Boo""!"

In each case, if you wanted to show source code in the same language, it gets very painful, since you'd have to escape escapes. For instance to show the example of <img> tag in HTML, I'd have to do this:

<img src="example" >

In C you'd do this:

printf("For example: printf(\"Hello World\\n\"); prints \Hello World\"\n");

Are there any languages or patterns which handle this kind of situation more elegantly?

Examples of patterns:

1. Escaping HTML escapes is not really necessary because the user can "View source"
2. Another example is python, which uses triple quotes """.
3. ASP, JSP, PHP use a sequence of unusual characters eg: <php?>

See the results!


Winners by Category:



Best overall entry

UlfNorell with MetaSteganoGraphicObfuscation



Best Abuse of Compiler Specific Features and Best Signature Sized Entry

DonSteward with Crawl



Most Useful submission

JeremyGibbons with PiSpigot



Thanks to everyone who entered! Please enter again next year!

Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Scheme and Functional Programming
(Workshop Program)

The proceedings from this year's Scheme Workshop, co-located with ICFP in Snowbird, Utah, are available online. The proceedings include the R6RS status report.

Lazlo does was Java was supposed to do -- let you run desktop-app-like applications within a browser window. But Lazlo doesn't require any plugin on its own, or flaky, slow Java. Instead, the Lazlo compiler turns Lazlo code (which is written in very fast, flexible, human-readable XML) into Flash apps. - BoingBoing

Develop applications via a highly productive declarative programming approach [...] Laszlo applications are developed via a familiar object-oriented XML markup approach that reinforces todays development best practices - Laszlo Systems

LZX is an event-driven, object-oriented language for building dynamic, data-driven applications. Because it's an XML language, LZX integrates seamlessly with your existing IDE, source control, and team development systems. - Laszlo in 10 minutes

A reliable, free, Flash development tool is really good news for amateur web designers. This will probably be a huge success.

Some Work on Arc

Hope this hasn't been posted yet.

Bored by those lemmings who use wildly popular operating systems such as the HURD?
Wondering how Arrows might improve operating system design now that monads are ho-hum?
Looking for an opportunity to write a purely functional network driver?

If this sounds familiar, hOp, and now House is the project for you!


hOp is 'Haskell on the Bare Metal' It consists of the Glasgow Haskell Compiler runtime system booting from grub. hOp was inspired by jNode and other Language/OS projects.

hOp features VGA screen text and PS2 keyboard support, House adds a PS2 mouse driver and linear framebuffer graphics support.

Reserve your copy of hOppix today!

Andrew Kuchling writes:

I'd like to suggest that we should retarget Python's development, away from interpreter hacking and toward enhancing and expanding the standard library. The idea is simple, but has far-reaching consequences for the development process; I think that on balance the consequences would be positive. The proposal: We should deflect effort away from language changes and redirect them toward the standard library.

...

... I find the new language features added in 2.4 unimpressive and not likely to be useful to me.

Today, I ran into a compiler error message which was hopelessly uninformative. Since I am up for something light-hearted, I thought I might as well just ask if anyone remembers his most annoying compiler message. I guess anything goes, well maybe except for the "e345: internal error message" kind of type.